By Erxiao

November 13-19, 2017 are the World Antibiotic Awareness Week determined by WTO. Antibiotics are essential resources for human health, however, their misuse is accelerating the emergence of bacteria resistant to their action, and deeply threatens the control of infectious diseases.
Misuse of antibiotics is the biggest driver of inundated drug resistance
The misuse of antibiotics worldwide results in the antibiotics’ efficacy to increasingly decline and even lose, namely, the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenomenon. AMR is a common phenomenon, and has increasingly become a serious global problem threatening the public health. According to the present AMR occurrence and spread speed, people who die of AMR are estimated to reach 10 million every year and the directly medical losses are estimated to reach USD 100 trillion by 2050. The main mechanisms of antibiotic resistance include: (1) Damaging and inactivating antibiotics by enzymes such as β-lactamase, aminoglycoside modifying enzyme, and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT); (2) Changing permeability of cell membranes to reduce drug uptake or increase exocytosis to prevent drug accumulation; (3) Reducing protein binding by target modification or gene mutation.
|
Classification of mechanism of action |
Antibiotic type |
Drug resistance type |
Mechanism of drug resistance |
|
Protein synthesis inhibitors |
Aminoglycosides |
Reduced uptake |
Changing cell outer membranes |
|
|
Enzyme modification |
Aminoglycoside modifying enzyme |
|
|
Macrolides |
Change of target |
Methylation of ribosomal active site, leading to decrease of site binding |
|
|
|
Drug liquid pumping out |
MEF genotype pump |
|
|
Oxazolidinones |
Change of target |
Decrease of active site binding by mutation |
|
|
Tetracyclines |
Drug liquid outflow |
New membrane transporter |
|
|
|
Change of target |
Production of protein that binds with ribosome and can change active site recognition |
|
|
Chloramphenicol |
Antibiotic inactivation |
CAT |
|
|
|
Drug liquid pumping out |
New membrane transporter |
|
|
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors |
β-lactamase |
Change of penicillin-bi... Read More
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